| Title | Venue | Year | Impact | Source |
| 1401 | Continuation of Festivals and Community Resilience during COVID-19: The Case of Nagahama Hikiyama Festival in Shiga Prefecture, Japan The COVID‐19 pandemic has severely affected the way of life of communities in Japan. This study examines the pandemic's impact by focusing on a popular activity in Japanese townships: participation in traditional festivals with roots dating back to before the Edo period. These festivals display the social customs of each community and their prosperity from the past to the present. Residents participating in local festivals gain a deep understanding of their personal importance within the community. However, many communities were forced to cancel their festivals in 2020 because of the pandemic. In 2021, many communities attempted to reinstate their traditional festivals, and some of them resumed the festivities with infection control measures in place. This case study examines how people resumed festivals in their communities and the conditions needed for them to reengage with their traditions. Focusing on the Nagahama Hikiyama Festival in Shiga Prefecture, Japan, we demonstrate the resilience of traditional communities in Japan. This study analyzes the reasons for and process of reviving and subsequently implementing traditional festivals and clarifies the positive factors contributing to the resumption of festivals in local communities. It examines the sources of resilience that have been cultivated in these communities and explains how their social capital bridges the gaps between local governments, schools, and broadcasters. | N/A | 2022 | | CORD-19 |
| 1402 | HEALTH: Coronavirus Roundup | N/A | 2022 | | CORD-19 |
| 1403 | Living with suicidal feelings: Japanese non-profit organizations for suicide prevention amid the COVID-19 pandemic The number of suicides in Japan increased for the first time in 11 years during the COVID‐19 pandemic. This trend is particularly high among employed women and students. The Japanese government expanded its budget for providing telephone and social network service (SNS) counseling by prefectures and non‐profit organizations (NPOs). On the basis of interviews with the chairman as well as counselors of an NPO in Osaka (Japan) that has provided telephone counseling services on suicide for over 40 years, this study examines suicide and suicide prevention amid the COVID‐19 pandemic with a particular focus on how suicidal feelings are accepted. The results clarify that people do not wish to die just because of financial troubles or health problems; rather, they have lost the meaning in their life in the conflicts between social conditions and their personal life histories. Additionally, as volunteer counselors often experience the suicide of close relatives, their empathy for a caller may be based on their experiences of being overwhelmed by the realization of the otherness of others. They do not regard the acceptance of suicidal feelings as a “job,” but act as “friends.” Although modern society conceals death and suicide cases, the key to achieving a society where no one is driven into committing suicide is to place human life and human rights first as well as to talk about suicide and suicidal feelings without making the subject taboo or an aberration. | N/A | 2022 | | CORD-19 |
| 1404 | Transition model for coronavirus management This paper examines the individual records of patients treated for COVID‐19 during the early phase of the pandemic in Ontario. We trace out daily transitions of patients through medical care of different intensity and address the right truncation in the database. We also examine the sojourn times and reveal duration dependence in the treatments for COVID‐19. The transition model is used to estimate and forecast the counts of patients treated for COVID‐19 in Ontario, while adjusting for the right truncation and right censoring in the sample. This research is based on the Public Health Ontario (PHO) data set from May 7, 2020. | Can J Econ | 2022 | | CORD-19 |
| 1405 | The heterogeneous effects of COVID-19 on Canadian household consumption, debt and savings This paper develops an agent‐based model to quantify the impact of COVID‐19 on household debt and savings. To build a representative cross‐section of households that vary by income, debt portfolios and consumption baskets, we merge data from the Survey of Household Spending and the Survey of Financial Security. We construct paths for consumption and employment over the crisis, accounting for heterogeneous risk of unemployment across demographics, government transfers, and substitution between expenditure categories that vary in contact intensity. Our model simulations yield a heterogeneous effect of COVID‐19 across the income distribution. Low‐income households face the highest risk of unemployment, but transfers provide generous income replacement. Middle‐income job losers see the fastest rise in debt because transfers only partially replace lost income. Most unplanned savings are accumulated by high‐income households that face lower risk of unemployment and larger declines in hard‐to‐distance spending. We find the rise in savings could generate a brief jump of nearly 6% of monthly consumption. | Can J Econ | 2022 | | CORD-19 |
| 1406 | Internationalization in Russian universities during the pandemic of COVID-19: Lessons for succeeding in the new reality The pandemic of COVID‐19 became a resilience test for internationalization in Russia and emphasized many systemic trends, both promising and concerning. The turbulence and instability during the pandemic initiated the growth of internationalization activities at the institutional level in two directions: first, it increased attention to the quality of work with current international students, including student support, adaptation issues, student engagement, and second, due to the risks in student enrolment, it brought universities to rethink their internationalization instruments and strategies for work with international applicants and future students. Indeed, the ongoing changes in global education call for reconsideration of the priorities and methods of internationalization: new forms of internationalization become widespread practices, new instruments are necessary for student recruitment, and new push and pull factors come into play. While internationalization of education in Russia during the pandemic was addressed at the national level to a degree, the universities carried out the key activities and had to come up with solutions “in the field”. The paper aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of Russia's transition through the pandemic and tackle the changes at the university level, based on a comparison of data of the survey of international departments of Russian universities conducted in 2020 and the survey of 2021, supported by semi‐structured interviews. The research offers insights on the capacity for change and resilience in Russian universities within the internationalization domain and can help to develop data‐driven approaches for improvement of organizational capacity of universities. | N/A | 2022 | | CORD-19 |
| 1407 | The double impact of deep social unrest and a pandemic: Evidence from Chile This work studies the impact of the Social Explosion and COVID‐19 crisis on the household sector in Chile. The Social Explosion in October 2019 represented a mass protest, much larger than similar events in other nations such as the yellow jackets. Using delinquency models calibrated with survey data, I show that household debt risk increased substantially after the Social Explosion across all income backgrounds but fell slightly with the COVID‐19 pandemic due to the public policies implemented. The expansion of the public support policies in August 2020 decreased the debt risk to levels similar to before the two crises. | Can J Econ | 2022 | | CORD-19 |
| 1408 | Global financial crisis vs COVID-19: Evidence from sentiment analysis This study examines the relationship between sentiment and the realized volatility of returns for different asset classes (stocks, bonds, foreign currency, and commodities). Specifically, we aim to answer two key questions: first, how does sentiment relate to volatility during crises (mainly during the global financial crisis [GFC] and the COVID‐19 pandemic)? Second, can sentiment be used to forecast volatility during crises? Using two nonparametric methods, mutual information and transfer entropy, we find that information sharing and transfer increased during the pandemic. We also find that sentiment information transfer to the volatility of assets differed between the GFC and the COVID‐19 crisis. Since sentiment can reduce uncertainty around the realized variance of assets, we investigate the forecasting ability of sentiment during crises. We find that sentiment has a greater predictive power on realized volatility during crises, with a differential impact on volatility depending on the asset class. Our findings carry important implications for hedging, risk management and building models to predict variance during crises. | N/A | 2022 | | CORD-19 |
| 1409 | Urban governance of the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan: An Urban political sociological approach to the case of Osaka In this article, we first review current Japanese urban and regional sociological literature on the COVID‐19 pandemic. Some empirical studies of the current conditions, challenges, and difficulties faced by urban communities with the pandemic have loomed large. Although urban governance of infectious disease control has been generally an important research topic in urban studies, there is limited research on this aspect, particularly in Japan. Then, we briefly examine the urban governance of the pandemic in Japan, with a focus on the case of Osaka. Specifically, by analyzing the meeting minutes of Osaka Prefectural Government's countermeasure headquarters, we shed light on what issues were mainly dealt with and what main organizational actors were involved. The results indicate that, in addition to the administrative and political collaboration between central, prefectural, and municipal governments, the involvement of industrial and professional organizations (e.g., medical and economic associations) is particularly salient. This is because the governmental sector in Japan lacks a strong legal framework and a policy implementation capacity for infectious disease control. Consequently, it has requested (through intermediary associations) that residents, businesses, and hospitals cooperate with the government to control the spread of the virus. With regard to the characteristics of the Japanese urban governance of the pandemic, more comparative research between cities and regions in the country and those in other countries will be one of the important issues for future Japanese urban and regional sociology. | N/A | 2022 | | CORD-19 |
| 1410 | ¿Es realmente distinto esta vez? Impactos comparados de la crisis de la COVID-19 y de la crisis financiera mundial de 2008-2009 en los mercados de trabajo En 2020 la pandemia causó una crisis del mercado de trabajo más profunda que la generada por la crisis financiera mundial de 2009. Las medidas de contención fueron la principal causa del daño a los mercados de trabajo, que afectó particularmente a las economías de ingreso mediano, así como a ciertos sectores, como las actividades de alojamiento y servicio de comidas, y determinados grupos poblacionales, como las mujeres jóvenes. Frente a los procesos de ajuste del empleo impuestos en la crisis financiera mundial, durante la crisis de la COVID‐19 la inactividad ha aumentado más que la desocupación. Deben mantenerse las políticas de apoyo para evitar la desigualdad en la recuperación. | N/A | 2022 | | CORD-19 |
| 1411 | Building from the bottom up: Politics after Covid | N/A | 2022 | | CORD-19 |
| 1412 | Primary school reopenings and parental work In this paper, we exploit the geographical pattern of primary school reopenings during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Canada to estimate the impact of school reopenings on parental employment and work hours. We use a triple‐difference approach, in which we first compare parents of primary‐school children in regions where schools reopened to similar parents in regions where schools remained closed and add parents of older, secondary‐school children as an additional control group. We estimate the impact of school reopenings separately for mothers and fathers, and for single parents and parents living in dual‐parent households. We find a positive impact of school reopenings on employment and on actual hours worked. The effects tend to be stronger for single mothers, but are also present for mothers and fathers in dual‐parent households in the spring of 2020. Overall, single mothers experienced an 18 percentage point increase in their employment at work rate following school reopenings. We also split our sample according to whether the job can be done from home, and find stronger impacts for those whose jobs cannot easily be done from home. | Can J Econ | 2022 | | CORD-19 |
| 1413 | The short-term economic consequences of COVID-19: Occupation tasks and mental health in Canada In this paper, we study the effect of COVID‐19 on the labour market and reported mental health of Canadians. To better understand the effect of the pandemic on the labour market, we build indexes for whether workers: (i) are relatively more exposed to disease, (ii) work in proximity to co‐workers, (iii) are essential workers and (iv) can easily work remotely. Our estimates suggest that the impact of COVID‐19 was significantly more severe for workers that work in proximity to co‐workers and those more exposed to disease who are not in the health sector, while the effects are less severe for essential workers and workers that can work remotely. Last, using the Canadian Perspective Survey Series, we observe that reported mental health is significantly lower among some of the most affected workers such as women and less‐educated workers. We also document that those who were absent from work because of COVID‐19 are more concerned with meeting their financial obligations and with losing their job than those who continue working outside their home. | Can J Econ | 2022 | | CORD-19 |
| 1414 | La participation des partenaires sociaux à la gestion de la crise du COVID-19: le dialogue social tripartite en Espagne, en Italie et au Portugal Les partenaires sociaux ont‐ils été associés à la gestion de la crise du COVID‐19? Pour le savoir, l'auteur observe les pratiques tripartites en Espagne, en Italie et au Portugal en 2020. Il recherche les variables économiques et politiques susceptibles d'avoir contribué au renouveau du dialogue social tripartite observé dans ces pays, par rapport à la crise économique précédente. L'abandon des politiques d'austérité et un sentiment de responsabilité partagé par les partenaires sociaux et les gouvernements semblent avoir contribué à la conclusion de plusieurs accords, de nature et de portée variables, mais qui permettent de conclure au renforcement du dialogue social au plus haut niveau. | N/A | 2022 | | CORD-19 |
| 1415 | Fournisseurs et travailleurs de l'habillement: les grands oubliés de la pandémie? Dynamique des rapports de force et répartition du coût des crises au sein des chaînes d'approvisionnement mondiales Début 2020, les marques et enseignes de l'habillement ont annulé pour 40 milliards de dollars É.‐U. de commandes, aux dépens des fournisseurs et des travailleurs. Pour comprendre ce comportement, qui signale un rapport de force déséquilibré et une répartition inéquitable du coût des crises au sein des chaînes d'approvisionnement mondiales, l'auteur confronte plusieurs sources de données (enquêtes originales, entretiens, questionnaires aux fournisseurs, frise chronologique et statistiques commerciales). Il conclut que la puissance des acheteurs n'est pas absolue, comme le montre le succès de la campagne #PayUp. L'adoption d'accords contraignants n'en demeure pas moins indispensable pour protéger les fournisseurs et les travailleurs des pressions des clients. | N/A | 2022 | | CORD-19 |
| 1416 | COVID-19 y situación laboral: Quién resiste, quién no y con qué consecuencias en términos de desigualdad Las respuestas estatales ante la pandemia de COVID‐19 han diferido en cuanto a alcance y diseño, con importantes implicaciones para el mercado laboral en general, y para grupos específicos de trabajadores. Utilizando datos de encuestas de población activa de siete países de renta media y alta, se analizan las transiciones laborales entre los dos primeros trimestres de 2020 en comparación con las de 2019. Se observa que la pandemia exacerbó las desigualdades en los siete países; cuando se favorecieron los subsidios salariales frente a otras formas de apoyo a los ingresos se redujo la volatilidad del mercado laboral. | N/A | 2022 | | CORD-19 |
| 1417 | Les retombées du COVID-19 sur le marché du travail: qui en souffre, qui y échappe, avec quel effet sur les inégalités? Face au COVID‐19, les autorités nationales ont adopté des mesures de nature et de portée variées, avec des effets notables sur les marchés du travail, notamment pour certains groupes. Les auteurs utilisent les enquêtes sur la population active de sept pays à revenu intermédiaire ou élevé pour observer les transitions professionnelles au premier semestre de 2020 et comparer la situation avec la même période de 2019. Ils concluent que la volatilité est plus faible dans les pays qui ont choisi de soutenir les revenus en subventionnant les salaires plutôt que par d'autres moyens, mais que la pandémie a creusé les inégalités partout. | N/A | 2022 | | CORD-19 |
| 1418 | Quantifying the economic impacts of COVID-19 policy responses on Canada's provinces in (almost) real time We develop a methodology to track and quantify the economic impacts of lockdown and reopening policies by Canadian provinces in response to the COVID‐19 pandemic, using data that is available with a relatively short time lag. To do so, we adapt, calibrate and implement a dynamic, seasonally adjusted, input–output model with supply constraints. Our framework allows us to quantify potential scenarios that allow for dynamic complementarities between industries, seasonal fluctuations and changes in demand composition. Taking account of the observed variation in reopening strategies across provinces, we estimate the costs of the policy response in terms of lost hours of employment and production. Among other results, we show how a more aggressive response, even though it imposes higher economic costs in the short run, can lead to lower economic costs in the long run if it means avoiding future waves of lockdowns. | Can J Econ | 2022 | | CORD-19 |
| 1419 | El número monográfico sobre la COVID-19 y el mundo del trabajo | N/A | 2022 | | CORD-19 |
| 1420 | ¿Quién carga con los costes de las crisis en las cadenas mundiales de suministro? El caso de los proveedores y trabajadores de la confección durante la pandemia de COVID-19 A principios de 2020, marcas de ropa y minoristas cancelaron pedidos por valor de 40 000 millones de dólares de los Estados Unidos, con consecuencias drásticas para proveedores y trabajadores. Con datos de encuestas originales, cuestionarios a proveedores, entrevistas y análisis cronológico y de datos comerciales se exploran las asimetrías de poder y la distribución de los costes de las crisis en las cadenas mundiales de suministro. Se observa un menor poder de los compradores, en parte por campañas de colaboración entre proveedores y trabajadores como #PayUp, pero los compradores siguen presionando a los proveedores, en detrimento de los trabajadores. Se recomiendan acuerdos vinculantes. | N/A | 2022 | | CORD-19 |
| 1421 | The COVID-19 pandemic: The watershed moment for student mobility in Chinese universities? As COVID‐19 drastically affects cross‐border mobility, virtual mobility emerges as a viable alternative to cope with the crisis. This article reports on the integrated findings of an exploratory sequential mixed methods design to understand benefits and challenges of virtual mobility at a Chinese university and future projection of outbound student mobility. The mixed methods design used in this study is characterized by an initial quantitative phase of data collection and analysis, followed by a phase of qualitative data collection and analysis, with a final phase of integration or linking of data from the two separate strands of data. The study suggests Chinese students appreciate the flexibility and economic advantages of virtual mobility but also express concerns on several limitations. Online mobility may be viewed as a complement or alternative for Chinese institutions when the COVID‐19 crisis is over. As Chinese universities are promoting internationalization at home, the number of virtual programmes available to Chinese students will surge. In this context, coupled with the stress of geopolitical instability, the growth in Chinese student mobility may be entering a period of contraction, which may exert profound impacts on a global scale. | N/A | 2022 | | CORD-19 |
| 1422 | L'effet du COVID-19 selon le sexe et le revenu: l'exemple des Philippines Les Philippines ont souffert plus que la plupart des autres pays en développement de la pandémie de COVID‐19 et des restrictions concomitantes, à savoir, notamment, un confinement très strict et une fermeture prolongée des écoles. Les auteurs proposent un modèle original pour estimer l'effet de ces mesures sur le travail, le revenu et la pauvreté selon le sexe et la région. Une étude de cas leur permet d’établir par ailleurs que les fermetures d’école ont nui à l'emploi dans l'enseignement privé et au revenu des parents de jeunes enfants. Ils concluent que la pandémie a eu des retombées économiques sans précédent et pénalisé les femmes. | N/A | 2022 | | CORD-19 |
| 1423 | COVID-19 y disparidades por género y renta: evidencia de Filipinas La pandemia de COVID‐19 y las políticas de contención asociadas han afectado más a Filipinas que a la mayoría de los países en desarrollo por aplicar confinamientos de los más estrictos del mundo, y cierres generales de escuelas de los más prolongados. Con un modelo de simulación novedoso, se estiman los efectos de estos factores por sector, región administrativa y género en los niveles de empleo, ingresos y pobreza, con particular atención al empleo de los docentes y a los ingresos de las personas con hijos pequeños en relación con el cierre de escuelas. Se constata que la pandemia tiene repercusiones sin precedentes en la actividad económica y afecta desproporcionadamente a las mujeres. | N/A | 2022 | | CORD-19 |
| 1424 | Defending workers' rights on social media: Chinese seafarers during the COVID-19 pandemic This paper explores the power dynamics in the process of Chinese seafarers' labour rights defence activities on social media during the crew change crisis caused by the COVID‐19 pandemic. It shows that while exercising symbolic power is at the core of such activities, the effectiveness of symbolic power depends on the networking/distributing power of hub nodes and associational power of the maritime community to help generate visibility. The hub nodes, however, are subject to tight control in China, and as such, their ability to deploy networking/distributing power is constrained. This suggests that worker power is conditioned by sociopolitical factors. | N/A | 2022 | | CORD-19 |
| 1425 | Debt-relief programs and money left on the table: Evidence from Canada's response to COVID-19 This paper analyzes the effectiveness of debt‐relief programs targeting short‐run household liquidity constraints implemented in Canada in response to the COVID‐19 pandemic. These programs allowed individuals to push off mortgage and credit card payments and cut in half interest rates on credit card debt. Using credit bureau data, we document that, despite potential savings above $4 billion, enrolment was limited: 24% for mortgages and 7% for credit cards. By exploiting the richness of our data set, we provide evidence that close to 80% of individuals were unaware of the credit card relief program while others faced important fixed non‐monetary costs preventing uptake. | Can J Econ | 2022 | | CORD-19 |
| 1426 | COVID-19 y trabajo informal: evidencia de once ciudades Se presentan las conclusiones de un estudio dirigido por la red Mujeres en Empleo Informal: Globalizando y Organizando (WIEGO), en el que se investigan las repercusiones de la crisis de la COVID‐19 en diferentes grupos de personas trabajadoras informales y en sus hogares en términos de empleo, ingresos, alimentación y hambre, cuidado y otras responsabilidades domésticas, así como las estrategias de afrontamiento de estas personas. Se comparan los roles de los gobiernos y de las organizaciones de personas trabajadoras informales en la prestación de diversas ayudas. Basándose en las reivindicaciones de estas personas, se plantean principios rectores para mejorar su situación en el futuro. | N/A | 2022 | | CORD-19 |
| 1427 | COVID-19: What if immunity wanes? Using a simple economic model in which social distancing reduces contagion, we study the implications of waning immunity for the epidemiological dynamics and social activity. If immunity wanes, we find that COVID‐19 likely becomes endemic and that social distancing is here to stay until the discovery of a vaccine or cure. But waning immunity does not necessarily change optimal actions on the onset of the pandemic. Decentralized equilibria are virtually independent of waning immunity until close to peak infections. For centralized equilibria, the relevance of waning immunity decreases in the probability of finding a vaccine or cure, the costs of infection (e.g., infection–fatality rate), the degree of partial immunity and the presence of other NPIs that lower contagion (e.g., quarantining and mask use). In simulations calibrated to July 2020, our model suggests that waning immunity is virtually unimportant for centralized equilibria until at least 2021. This provides vital time for individuals and policy‐makers to learn about immunity against SARS‐CoV‐2 before it becomes critical. | Can J Econ | 2022 | | CORD-19 |
| 1428 | COVID-19 Disclosures and Market Uncertainty: Evidence from 10-Q Filings We examine whether the quarterly filing COVID‐19 disclosures reduce uncertainty for investors and analysts. We find a negative relationship between COVID‐19 disclosure and return volatility, suggesting COVID‐19 disclosure reduces investor uncertainty. This reduction effect concentrates mainly during the short window following 10‐Q releases and phases out over time. We then detect that industry‐wide COVID‐19 disclosure dispersion is positively associated with return volatility, suggesting high variation of industry‐wide COVID‐19 disclosures reduces information comparability across firms, resulting in increased investor uncertainty. Moreover, we find that COVID‐19 disclosures are positively associated with analysts’ downward earnings forecast revisions and negatively associated with analyst forecast dispersion after 10‐Q releases, suggesting the disclosures reduce information risk even for sophisticated market participants. Further analyses show that COVID‐19 disclosures are negatively associated with future financial and operational performances (i.e., sales, operating cash flow, operating income and ROA). Lastly, we find that the low readability of COVID‐19 disclosure attenuates the negative relation between COVID‐19 disclosure and market volatility. Collectively, our findings suggest that 10‐Q COVID‐19 disclosures contain value‐relevant information that temporarily assists market participants in evaluating the changes in firms’ values in the time of a crisis. | N/A | 2022 | | CORD-19 |
| 1429 | One size does NOT fit all: Understanding differences in perceived organizational support during the COVID-19 pandemic The COVID‐19 crisis forced organizations to radically rethink how to lead their workforce. Facing an unprecedented drop in consumer demand, business leaders struggled to balance staying financially solvent with the responsibility of supporting their employees during the crisis. Early surveys found many employees did not perceive their organizations communicated a clear plan of action; others questioned whether their employers cared about workers' health and safety. While researchers have examined perceived organizational support, studies are only now starting to examine workers' perceived support during a pandemic. The study used a mixed method design to collect quantitative and qualitative data from 949 workers during the COVID‐19 crisis. Results revealed employees working outside the home and furloughed workers perceived lower quality support than employees working remotely. While some employees recommended changes to create a safer work environment, others suggested more frequent communication and/or reassurance about job security/pay. The findings suggest leaders should recognize the nature of support workers need varies. Leaders should customize support to meet the needs of specific groups, especially essential employees working outside the home and furloughed workers. Beyond the pandemic, the results suggest organizational leaders should reexamine their approach to employee support to better prepare for future crises. | N/A | 2022 | | CORD-19 |
| 1430 | Une période exceptionnelle? Analyse comparée sur l'effet de la crise du COVID-19 et de la crise financière mondiale de 2008-2009 sur les marchés du travail Les auteurs montrent que les marchés du travail ont davantage souffert des effets de la pandémie de COVID‐19 en 2020 que de ceux de la crise financière en 2009. Les mesures de confinement ont joué un rôle déterminant. La crise a donc touché plus durement les économies à revenu intermédiaire, certains secteurs comme l'hébergement et la restauration, et certains groupes comme les jeunes femmes. Les auteurs établissent également que, cette fois, la hausse des flux concerne surtout la mobilité vers l'inactivité (plus que vers le chômage). Ils affirment que les pouvoirs publics doivent maintenir leurs politiques de soutien pour que la reprise profite à tous. | N/A | 2022 | | CORD-19 |
| 1431 | COVID-19 and credit unions: CSR approaches to navigating the pandemic The financial sector plays a fundamental role in Canadian society; credit unions, in particular, cater to a specific group of stakeholders not commonly served by traditional financial institutions. This research investigates the social responsiveness (CSR(2)) approaches implemented by credit unions during the pandemic, the type of actions implemented, the stakeholders assisted, and whether the size of credit unions may affect their responses. Data were collected from the 100 largest credit unions from nine Canadian provinces and assessed through qualitative content analysis. Results show that Canadian credit unions have implemented accommodative and proactive approaches when addressing COVID‐19, through more operational than financial actions directed to their clients and employees, and that those with larger assets implement a greater number of actions compared to credit unions with smaller assets. More importantly, results show that traditional CSR(2) approaches (e.g., RDAP) do not fit unexpected crises, so novel approaches are required to face future crises and remain resilient. While we aim to contribute to the body of literature by examining how credit unions have assisted their stakeholders during the pandemic, we also, and most importantly, seek to provide material for discussing and reflecting on how organizations are prepared to face crises that will likely arise in the future. | N/A | 2022 | | CORD-19 |
| 1432 | Le COVID-19 en Amérique latine: les effets sur l'emploi et les revenus d'une crise sans précédent L'Amérique latine a connu en 2020 une crise de l'emploi sans précédent du fait de la pandémie de COVID‐19. Les auteurs analysent les effets de cet événement sur le marché du travail et les revenus, ainsi que les mesures prises par les pays de la région pour y faire face. Ils montrent que le fort ralentissement de l'activité économique a provoqué une chute brutale de l'emploi, des heures travaillées et des revenus. Certains groupes en ont pâti plus que d'autres. La reprise s'accompagne elle aussi d'un creusement des inégalités en matière d'emploi et de revenus. | N/A | 2022 | | CORD-19 |
| 1433 | Changes in business students' value orientations after the COVID-19 outbreak: An exploration The values people hold tend to be relatively enduring. An important exception appears to be values adaptation in response to major, life‐altering situations. Major events can act as triggers for people to adapt their values based on the new context. In particular, collective traumas—such as the COVID‐19 pandemic—may incite immediate values change. The aim of the current paper is to compare business school students' value orientations before and after the COVID‐19 global pandemic outbreak. We investigated responses from two comparable samples of business students: one surveyed before and one surveyed after the outbreak of the COVID‐19 pandemic. The subjects' individual value orientations were aggregated and analyzed by comparing the distribution of the first group's pre‐COVID‐19 outbreak responses with the second group's post‐COVID‐19 outbreak responses regarding the importance given to values in the Rokeach Values Survey. We further explored specific demographic differences in personal versus social orientations and competence versus moral orientations for our samples. Results confirm differences in business school students' pre‐COVID‐19 outbreak versus post‐COVID‐19 outbreak value orientations, with the post‐COVID‐19 outbreak sample reporting greater attention to social values, as predicted, and competence values, not as predicted. Implications of our findings are discussed. | N/A | 2022 | | CORD-19 |
| 1434 | Business and society in the age of COVID-19: Introduction to the special issue This article introduces the eight articles and three invited essays that comprise the special issue: Business and Society in the Age of COVID‐19. In doing so, it also surveys COVID‐19‐related research in the Business & Society field, revealing five themes. | N/A | 2022 | | CORD-19 |
| 1435 | Capitalism, COVID-19 and lockdowns Commentators believe that the COVID‐19 pandemic reveals the inconveniences of capitalism and that the end of “neoliberalism” could be near. In this article we show that a capitalist ethics is capable to deal with the challenges of pandemics and comes with important advantages such as the prevention of overreactions. We apply both utilitarian and rights‐based ethics to the case of epidemics in general and COVID‐19 in particular. First a libertarian natural law ethics is used to assess the government interventions in the Corona pandemic. We maintain that these interventions cannot be justified from a libertarian point of view despite of the possible objections that are discussed such as the “potential threat argument”. Moreover, the utilitarian argument in favor of government lockdowns is evaluated. The negative effects of lockdown on mental health, addictions, domestic violence, etc. have to be taken into account. The utilitarian argument in favor of lockdown is far from convincing, as economic calculation is not possible. | N/A | 2022 | | CORD-19 |
| 1436 | Coronavirus: Vaccine Donations | N/A | 2022 | | CORD-19 |
| 1437 | COVID-19 Pandemic and Non-standard Employees in Japan This article aims to grasp the influence of the pandemic on standard and non‐standard employees in Japan and clarify its disparity between them. In 2020, there was an imbalance between the slight increase in standard employees and the massive loss of non‐standard employees in the labour market. Non‐standard employees' working hours were greatly reduced, often without allowances for absence, and hence their monthly income considerably diminished. As a result, their well‐being also declined. Thus, the pandemic has affected employment, and its impact has been felt most strongly by non‐standard employees. This does not mean that there is no discriminatory treatment of non‐standard employees in firms. However, a closer look at the real picture reveals a variety of factors. In addition to the discriminatory treatment that is related to the Japanese employment system, a combination of managerial factors such as the shortage of standard employees, practical factors such as differences in wage systems, and the lack of sufficient information about the expansion of the coverage of the Employment Adjustment Subsidy, have placed non‐standard employees at a huge disadvantage. | N/A | 2022 | | CORD-19 |
| 1438 | Measuring real consumption and consumer price index bias under lockdown conditions Millions of goods and services are now unavailable in many countries due to the current coronavirus pandemic, dramatically impacting on the construction of key economic statistics used for informing policy. This situation is unprecedented; hence, methods to address it have not previously been developed. Current advice to national statistical offices from the International Monetary Fund, Eurostat and the United Nations is shown to result in downward bias in the consumer price index (CPI) and upward bias in real consumption. We conclude that, to produce a meaningful CPI within the lockdown period, it is necessary to establish a continuous consumer expenditure survey. | Can J Econ | 2022 | | CORD-19 |
| 1439 | A COVID-19 Visual Diagnosis Model Based on Deep Learning and GradCAM Recently, the whole world was hit by COVID‐19 pandemic that led to health emergency everywhere. During the peak of the early waves of the pandemic, medical and healthcare departments were overwhelmed by the number of COVID‐19 cases that exceeds their capacity. Therefore, new rules and techniques are urgently required to help in receiving, filtering and diagnosing patients. One of the decisive steps in the fight against COVID‐19 is the ability to detect patients early enough and selectively put them under special care. Symptoms of this disease can be observed in chest X‐rays. However, it is sometimes difficult and tricky to differentiate “only” pneumonia patients from COVID‐19 patients. Machine‐learning can be very helpful in carrying out this task. In this paper, we tackle the problem of COVID‐19 diagnostics following a data‐centric approach. For this purpose, we construct a diversified dataset of chest X‐ray images from publicly available datasets and by applying data augmentation techniques. Then, we employ a transfer learning approach based on a pre‐trained convolutional neural network (DenseNet‐169) to detect COVID‐19 in chest X‐ray images. In addition to that, we employ Gradient‐weighted Class Activation Mapping (GradCAM) to provide visual inspection and explanation of the predictions made by our deep learning model. The results were evaluated against various metrics such as sensitivity, specificity, Positive Predictive Value (PPV), Negative Predictive Value (NPV) and the confusion matrix. The resulting models has achieved an average detection accuracy close to 98.82%. © 2022 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. | N/A | 2022 | | CORD-19 |
| 1440 | Managing risk, governmentality and geoinformation: Vectors of vulnerability in the mapping of COVID-19 In the wake of the COVID‐19 pandemic, a range of technological as well as legislative measures were introduced to monitor, track and prevent the spread of the COVID‐19 virus across the world. The measures taken by governments across the world have relied upon the use of geoinformation from satellites, drones, online dashboards and contact tracing apps to render the virus more visible, which has been instrumental in two ways. First, geoinformation has been helpful in organizing efforts for capacity building, in mapping communities living in deprived urban areas (referred to commonly as ‘slums’) and their response to COVID‐19 measures. These efforts have been part of initiatives by the United Nations as well as NGOs, using geoinformation to inform urban policymaking by representing the social, political and environmental issues facing those living in deprived urban areas. And secondly, geoinformation has also been used to control the spread of the pandemic by monitoring and limiting the behaviour of citizens through various technologies. This form of geoinformation‐driven governmentality, I will contend from critical geography and surveillance studies perspective endangers ethical values such as trust and solidarity, agency, transparency along with the rights and values of citizens. | N/A | 2022 | | CORD-19 |
| 1441 | Impact of the COVID-19 Economic Downturn on Tropospheric Ozone Trends: An Uncertainty Weighted Data Synthesis for Quantifying Regional Anomalies Above Western North America and Europe This study quantifies the association between the COVID‐19 economic downturn and 2020 tropospheric ozone anomalies above Europe and western North America, and their impact on long‐term trends. Anomaly detection for an atmospheric time series is usually carried out by identifying potentially aberrant data points relative to climatological values. However, detecting ozone anomalies from sparsely sampled ozonesonde profiles (once per week at most sites) is challenging due to ozone's high temporal variability. We first demonstrate the challenges for summarizing regional trends based on independent time series from multiple nearby ozone profiling stations. We then propose a novel regional‐scale anomaly detection framework based on generalized additive mixed models, which accounts for the sampling frequency and inherent data uncertainty associated with each vertical profile data set, measured by ozonesondes, lidar or commercial aircraft. This method produces a long‐term monthly time series with high vertical resolution that reports ozone anomalies from the surface to the middle‐stratosphere under a unified framework, which can be used to quantify the regional‐scale ozone anomalies during the COVID‐19 economic downturn. By incorporating extensive commercial aircraft data and frequently sampled ozonesonde profiles above Europe, we show that the complex interannual variability of ozone can be adequately captured by our modeling approach. The results show that free tropospheric ozone negative anomalies in 2020 are the most profound since the benchmark year of 1994 for both Europe and western North America, and positive trends over 1994–2019 are diminished in both regions by the 2020 anomalies. | N/A | 2022 | | CORD-19 |
| 1442 | A Typology of Emerging Market SMEs' COVID-19 Response Strategies: The Role of TMTs and Organizational Design The unique challenges posed by COVID‐19 call for new insights into how firms respond to multiheaded and multistage evolving global crises. Whilst prior research acknowledges the potential role flexible organizational designs and top management teams (TMTs) have for crisis management, these bodies of literature have evolved separately with limited cross‐fertilization. In this study, we seek to provide a contextualized explanation of research phenomena by drawing upon multiple layers of context – namely the environment, TMT and organisational context. Our findings provide vital insights into how emerging market Indian SMEs’ organizational designs and TMT configurations led to differential COVID‐19 crisis response strategies. We develop a typology that identifies four strategic responses and illustrate that not all emerging market SMEs are vulnerable at the time of crisis. Our findings extend knowledge on how emerging market SMEs can navigate external shocks such as those caused by COVID‐19. In particular, our research has implications for policymakers and emerging market firms seeking to understand and implement effective organizational designs and policies that can weather the current COVID‐19 pandemic, as well as future multiheaded and multistage black swan crises. | N/A | 2022 | | CORD-19 |
| 1443 | Crisis management, surveillance and digital ethics in the COVID-19 era In this special issue, we reflect on the global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) crisis and the containment measures put in place by formal authorities, combining both theoretically and empirically three different fields of study: crisis management, surveillance studies, and digital ethics. The special issue shows how the intersection of these fields provides a great opportunity to better understand challenges that are of critical importance to today's societies, as well as opening up new avenues for innovation. The focus of this special issue is to unpack and understand the debate on crisis management measures, surveillance, and ethical consequences during the ongoing, enduring COVID‐19 crisis. Building on crisis management literature, surveillance studies, and digital ethics research the articles included in this special issue reflect on issues of governance, space, as well as moral and ethical considerations, which were often overlooked in the public discourse in relation to the COVID‐19 pandemic. The special issue provides a deeper and clearer understanding of intended and unintended ethical and political consequences of crisis management practices, such as a politics of visibility that makes the operation of power invisible and fails to combat inequality, whilst ignoring the potential positive power of digital data and surveillance for empowerment and resilience | N/A | 2022 | | CORD-19 |
| 1444 | Surveillance and pandemic governance in least-ideal contexts: The Philippine case This paper inquires how surveillance manifests in least‐ideal contexts (LICs), that is, countries with resource constraints, poor governance and proclivity for populism during COVID‐19, and its implications for crisis governance. Using the Philippines as a case, we advance three arguments. First, LICs can become spaces where inappropriate surveillance is undertaken. Second, liminal surveillance practices can become permanent policy fixtures in LICs. Finally, when a prevailing crisis approach of a government is perceived to be inconsistent with the needs of the public, it can lead to a self‐help system among various societal groups and actors. This self‐help system may not necessarily be aligned with the general direction of the national government. As a result, it can perpetuate a disjointed and maladaptive crisis governance approach, where main actors like national governments, and complementary actors like private sector firms, local government units and citizen organizations pursue goals independent of one another. | N/A | 2022 | | CORD-19 |
| 1445 | China's COVID-19 pandemic response: A first anniversary assessment The literature on crisis management reports that crises can be critical for organizations, including state and extra‐state actors; they either break down or reinvent themselves. Successful organizations, those that do not break down, use situations of crisis to restructure themselves and improve their performance. Applicable to all crises, this reasoning is also valid for the COVID‐19 pandemic and for government organizations in China. Drawing on documentary analysis, this article examines China's pandemic response from the social–political, technological and psychological perspectives using a holistic crisis management framework. It demonstrates that the Chinese state bureaucracy has assembled, expanded and strengthened its surveillance strategies to strive for comprehensive crisis response. | N/A | 2022 | | CORD-19 |
| 1446 | Ethics of US government policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic: A utilitarianism perspective COVID‐19 hit the United States in January 2020, quickly resulting in stay‐at‐home orders that sent the U.S. economy into a major recession. The federal government leveraged fiscal, regulatory, and monetary policies to provide relief. Decisions had to be made in a complex environment wrought with difficult choices, complicated by the federalist governing system in the United States. Myers (2016, p. 202) asserted, “If an event like the [1918 influenza] pandemic were to occur in the United States, it is important that the government be prepared, not only in terms of material, but ethically.” We analyze the ethical choices of the initial responses by reviewing early U.S. government responses and the impact of culture, federalism, and justice. We conclude that utilitarian analyses of balancing infection rates and economic impacts must be supplemented with Kantian principles of not treating people as means to an end, balancing the protection of individual freedoms with the good of society, and protecting vulnerable groups. As governments prepare for future crises, ethical considerations should be built into those plans as guardrails to guide decision‐makers. | N/A | 2022 | | CORD-19 |
| 1447 | Transnational migration entrepreneurship during a crisis: Immediate response to challenges and opportunities emerging through the COVID-19 pandemic The COVID‐19 pandemic has affected transnational migrant entrepreneurs due to deglobalization. It has limited their cross‐border mobility as well as collapsed the international value chain; their multiple embeddedness, which requires them to cope with two or more contexts; and the nature of transnational businesses, which are often more vulnerable than others. While entrepreneurship scholars have rapidly responded to the pandemic, its impact on this specific type of entrepreneur has not been investigated. This exploratory, interview‐based study identified three patterns of the entrepreneurial response of transnational migrant entrepreneurs to the pandemic: (1) balancing between multiple institutions, (2) mobilizing transnational social capital, and (3) adapting transnational value creation. Furthermore, this study identified factors on the individual, network, and macro levels that influence transnational migrants' entrepreneurial response to the pandemic. This study's findings revealed how entrepreneurs leverage cognitive flexibility and resource advantages from their multiple embeddedness to mitigate the adverse situation, find alternative strategic orientations, and explore and exploit emerging opportunities during the pandemic. The results of this study contribute to the emerging scholarly discussions on entrepreneurship under the COVID‐19 pandemic by elaborating on the unique contexts and entrepreneurial agents as well as add value to the literature on transnational migrant entrepreneurs by exploring their crisis response. | N/A | 2022 | | CORD-19 |
| 1448 | Business and health: A research agenda post-Covid-19 Despite some work dealing with occupational health and marketing unhealthy products, the business and society largely ignores the impacts of business on health. Focusing on employees and consumers, the literature does not take into account the impacts of business on the health of community members in general. Given work in such fields as public health, geography, and history, there is an ample basis upon which to construct a new line of research for business and society scholars—business and health. This essay develops ideas on how such a line of inquiry might proceed. | N/A | 2022 | | CORD-19 |
| 1449 | Responding to crisis: World War 2, COVID-19 and the business school The COVID‐19 crisis will continue to have an immense impact on society, especially on the economic livelihood of ordinary people worldwide. Given the role of business schools in training managers to lead organizations and people across industry, the COVID‐19 crisis highlights a new opportunity to reflect on the purpose of the business school, which stakeholders it serves, and how it might evolve toward broader consideration and effective anticipation/response to pressing societal issues. Thus, we set out in this study to investigate these questions by examining the role that Harvard Business School played during World War 2, a crisis that also had an unprecedented impact on society. Based on this examination, we highlight the importance of flexibility and organizational innovation in times of crisis. We also discuss how the business school might expand its focus and its audience to consider broader societal issues, allowing it to better prepare students to serve society in the future, where the next crisis might be right around the corner. | N/A | 2022 | | CORD-19 |
| 1450 | Talent management in English universities during the coronavirus pandemic This article reports a longitudinal study exploring talent management, through narratives provided by a group of managers of doctoral programmes in eight UK universities during the 2020 coronavirus outbreak. These managers were also academics, researchers and doctoral supervisors and their perspectives were gathered before and during “lockdown,” and then into the subsequent confused period of semi‐lockdown / second lockdown, as cases of Coronavirus increased again in late 2020. Changing socio‐economic circumstances, together with the added pressures of family responsibilities, impacted on participants' perceptions of changing roles and relationships during the pandemic. Over 12 months, six semi‐structured online interviews (each lasting between 50 and 120 minutes) were conducted, using available platforms, with intervening emails. The narratives showed both formal and informal “talent management methods” and emphasized the need to use both to attract and retain international students. | N/A | 2022 | | CORD-19 |
